Statistics

here are a few problems on each one of these assessments I could not figure out which is a total of around 8 questions

Assessment 1 – Basics of Research and Statistics, Frequency Distributions, Percentiles, and Graphical Representations

Complete the following problems within this Word document. Do not submit other files. Show your work for problem sets that require calculations. Ensure that your answer to each problem is clearly visible. You may want to highlight your answer or use a different type color to set it apart.

Problem Set 1.1: Identifying Variables (Dependent, Independent, Quasi-Independent)

Criterion: Identify dependent and independent variables.

Instructions: For the following list of examples, identify the dependent variable and independent (or quasi-independent) variable.

1. A researcher tests whether cocaine use increases impulsive behavior in a sample of cocaine-dependent and cocaine-inexperienced mice.

Independent Variable: Cocaine.

Quasi-Independent Variable: Groups of Cocaine-Dependent and Cocaine-Inexperienced Mice.

Dependent Variable: Impulsive Behavior

2. A professor tests whether students perform better on a multiple-choice or fill-in-the-blank test format.

Independent Variable: Test Format.

Quasi-Independent Variable: Multiple-Choice Test Format and Fill-in the Blank Test Format.

Dependent Variable: Student’s Performance

3. A researcher tests whether smoking by parents influences children’s attitudes toward smoking behavior.

Independent Variable: Smoking by Parents.

Quasi-Independent Variable – Groups of Smoking Parents and Non-Smoking Parents

Dependent Variable: Children’s Attitude towards Smoking Behavior.

 

 

 

 

4. A social scientist tests whether attitudes toward morality differ based on political affiliation (Democrat or Republican).

Independent Variable:  Political Affiliation.

Quasi-Independent Variable: Democratic and Republican.

Dependent Variable: Attitude towards Morality

5. A cultural researcher tests whether individuals from different cultures share or differ in the belief that dreams have meaning.

Independent Variable:  Differences in Culture.

Quasi-Independent Variable: Groups of people belonging to different cultures ( Western  and Eastern Culture).

Dependent Variable:  Beliefs that Dreams have Meaning.

Problem Set 1.2: Understanding Sample and Population

Criterion: Describe the relationship between population and sample.

Instructions: Read the following and answer the question.

Height and educational attainment: Szklarska, Koziel, Bielicki, and Malina (2007) hypothesized that taller young men are more likely to move up the scale of educational attainment compared with shorter individuals from the same social background. They recruited 91,373 nineteen-year-old men to participate in the study.

Do these participants most likely represent a sample or population? Sample of the population is the correct answer. The participants are 19 years old and they have just gone into adulthood. The reason of the experiment is to measure the people in of tall and short height. In the adolescent period it is already obvious. When he goes to adulthood his future is already ok. Besides, his school education is done, and the result shows his educational and performance. By the study of the record of academic achievement it is obvious whether he is good student or not. Naturally, there is reflection of his educational capability

 

Problem Set 1.3: SPSS Enter Data

Criterion: Enter and display data in SPSS.

Instructions: Use the supplied data to complete Steps 1–8.

Data: Five social media users spent the following number of minutes viewing Twitter:
15.21, 46.18, 12.45, 65.486, 26.852.

Steps:

1. Open SPSS.
2. Click New DataSet in the New Files area and then click Open.
3. Click the Variable View tab at the bottom.
4. In the cell under Name, type Minutes.
5. The variable of Minutes is continuous. In the Decimals column, type
6. Click on the Data View tab at the bottom of the screen.
7. Enter data in the column labeled
8. Take a screenshot of your data in SPSS and paste it below.

 

 

 

Problem Set 1.4.a: Grouped or Ungrouped

Criterion: Explain the identification of types of data.

Instruction: Fill in the table below. For each example, state whether it is grouped or ungrouped and why.

Example	Grouped or Ungrouped	Why
The time (in seconds) it takes 100 children to complete a cognitive skills game.	Grouped	It is under Interval
The number of single mothers with 1, 2, 3, or 4 children.	Ungrouped	It is raw data
The number of teenagers who have experimented with smoking (yes, no).	Ungrouped	It is raw data
The age (in years) of freshman students in a local college.	Grouped	Falls into Interval

Problem Set 1.4.b: Understanding Descriptive and Interferential Statistics

Criterion: Explain the identification of types of data.

Instructions: Read the following and answer the question.

Gun ownership in the United States: Data from Gallup polls over a 40-year period show how gun ownership in the United States has changed. The results are described in the table below, with the percentage of Americans who own guns given in each of 5 decades:

Year	%
1972	43
1982	42
1992	48
2002	40
2012	43

Source: Reported at http://www.gallup.com/poll/1645/Guns.aspx

1. Are the percentages reported here an example of descriptive statistics or interferential statistics? Descriptive Statistic

 

2. Based on the percentages given in the table, how has gun ownership in the United States changed over the past 40 years?

Gun ownership increased from 1972 to 1992 and then it fell till 2012. Overall, gun ownership did not decrease or increase from beginning all the way to the end.

 

 

Problem Set 1.5: Reading a Chart

Criterion: Locate data on a chart.

Instructions: Read the following and answer the questions.

Participant Characteristics	Count
	Type	Token
	Sex
Women Men Unknown	24,541 23,617 479	878,261 751,188 927
Total		1,630,376

 

1. Do men or women in this sample speak more words overall (Token Count)? The token count for women is 878.261 and for men it is 751.188. The token count for women are higher. Women speak more words overall.
2. Type count for women is 24541 and men 23617
3. Type count for women higher and women speak a lot of different words.

 

Problem Set 1.6: Frequencies and Percents

Criterion: Identify frequencies and percents.

Instructions: State whether a cumulative frequency, relative frequency, relative percent, cumulative relative frequency, or cumulative percent is most appropriate for describing the following situations. For cumulative distributions, indicate whether these should be summarized from the top down or from the bottom up.

Data:

1. The frequency of businesses with at least 20 employees: Cumulative frequency
2. The frequency of college students with less than a 3.0 GPA: Cumulative frequency
3. The percentage of women completing 1, 2, 3, or 4 tasks simultaneously: Relative percent
4. The proportion of pregnancies performed in public or private hospitals Relative Frequency
5. The percentage of alcoholics with more than 2 years of substance abuse: Cumulative percent

Problem Set 1.7: Understanding Percentages

Criterion: Identify distribution type and number of people.

Instructions: Read the following and answer the questions.

Perceptions of same-sex marriage: In June 2016, a CBS News poll asked a sample of adults worldwide whether it should be legal or not legal for same-sex couples to marry (reported at http://www.pollingreport.com). The opinions of adults worldwide were as follows: 58%, legal; 33%, not legal; and 9%, unsure/no answer.

1. What type of distribution is this? Relative Percent Distribution
2. Knowing that 1,280 adults were polled nationwide, how many Americans polled felt that same-sex couples should be allowed to legally marry? 742

Problem Set 1.8: Create an Ascending Frequency Table in SPSS

Criterion: Create an ascending frequency table in SPSS.

Instructions: Complete the following steps.

Data: The number of clicks per hour in forty different tweets: 1, 0, 8, 5, 2, 1, 8, 2, 0, 2, 6, 8, 7, 2, 0, 2, 7, 4, 6, 9, 3, 2, 9, 6, 9, 7, 5, 8, 8, 8, 9, 6, 5, 4, 8, 4, 5, 8, 5, 7

1. Open SPSS.
2. Click New Dataset in the New Files area and then click Open.
3. Click on the Variable View tab.
4. In the cell under Name, type Clicks.
5. The variable of Clicks is discrete, so enter 0 in the Decimals column.
6. Click on the Data View tab at the bottom of the screen.
7. Enter all 40 numbers from from the dataset of number of clicks per hour in the column labeled Clicks.
8. In the Toolbar, click Analyze, select Descriptive Statistics, and then select Frequencies.
9. Select Clicks and then click Arrow to send it over to the right side of the table.
10. Click OK. Copy and paste the ascending values frequency table into the Word document.
11. Go back to Data View, click Analyze, select Descriptive Statistics, and then select Frequencies.

Note: Your answers to this problem set should be two separate SPSS outputs. Save your Clicks data to use in the next two problems.

Problem Set 1.9: Construct a Bar Graph in SPSS

Criterion: Construct a bar graph in SPSS.

Instructions: The Clicks data from Problem Set 1.10 is discrete. Complete the following steps to create a bar chart to examine the data:

1. Go back to your SPSS Statistics Data Editor where your Clicks data should be displayed.
2. In the Toolbar, click Graphs, select Legacy Dialogs, and then select Bar.
3. Click Simple, then select Define. Select Clicks and then click Arrow to send it over to the Category Axis
4. Click OK. Copy and paste the bar graph below. (Hint: You might need to use Copy Special and click the .jpeg)
5. Optional to answer: What is the shape of the distribution?

Problem Set 1.10: Construct a Pie Chart in SPSS

Criterion: Construct a pie chart in SPSS.

Instructions: Complete the following steps to create a pie chart to examine the attendance data from Problem Set 1.10.

1. Go back to your SPSS Statistics Data Editor where your clicks data should be displayed.
2. Select Data View, click Graphs, select Legacy Dialogs, and then select Pie.
3. Click Summaries for groups of case and then select Define. Select Clicks and then click Arrow to send it over to the Define Slices By
4. Click OK. Copy and paste the pie graph below.